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Fear and miscalculation are stalling the peace process in Ukraine.

Betrayal is poison for any relationship, especially when it is used by those in the relationship to win over a third party. Thus, the crisis between Russia and the West was sparked by both sides鈥� willingness to violate international law, treaties, and agreements in pursuit of a geopolitical upper hand in Ukraine, regardless of the risks such pursuit posed for Kiev. Illegality and betrayal, in turn, deepened mutual distrust and paranoia between Moscow and the Western capitols.

Although the September Minsk Protocol temporarily de-escalated matters, its pre-history closed many of the potential exit ramps from the crisis. The West made much of Russia鈥檚 violation of international law and agreements, ignoring its own violations. In condemning Russia鈥檚 illegal military intervention in Crimea, the 1994 Budapest Memorandum signed by听Russian Federation, UK, and US is often recalled, whereby the signatories 鈥渁ffirm their commitment to听Ukraine, in accordance with the principles of the Final Act of the Conference on听Security and Cooperation in Europe, to respect the independence and sovereignty听and the existing borders of Ukraine.鈥�

We also cite Section VI of the CSCE or Helsinki Final Act upon which the Budapest Memorandum鈥檚 authority rests: 鈥淭he participating States 鈥� in all circumstances refrain from any other act of military, or of political, economic or other coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by another participating State of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any kind.鈥� In this light, Russia clearly violated Ukraine鈥檚 sovereignty, the memorandum, and the Final Act鈥檚 Section VI.

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However, recalling the cookie stroll of US Deputy Secretary of State Victoria Nuland and US Ambassador to Ukraine Jeffrey Pyatt, and Senator John McCain鈥檚 speech on the Maidan in February, we might consider the following from the same Final Act鈥檚 Section VI: 鈥淭he participating States will refrain from any intervention, direct or indirect, individual or collective, in the internal or external affairs falling within the domestic jurisdiction of another participating State, regardless of their mutual relations.鈥�

Within the Jurisdiction

It would seem that politics, in particular crisis politics on the Maidan in those days, would constitute the 鈥渋nternal affairs falling within the jurisdiction鈥� of Ukraine and not that of the US or its officials. Nuland, Pyatt, and McCain clearly failed to 鈥渞efrain from any intervention, direct or indirect, individual or collective,鈥� in Ukraine鈥檚 internal affairs. One would reasonably deem their intervention as rather direct.

Furthermore, Western governments clearly violated their pledge as guarantors of the February 20^th听agreement between then Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich and the leaders of Ukraine鈥檚 opposition parties. The governments of the Polish, German, and French foreign ministers, who signed on as guarantors of the agreement, remained silent when neo-fascist and ultra-nationalists elements of the Ukrainian opposition illegally seized power on February 21^st听rather than honoring the transition process the Kiev pact established. Instead of guaranteeing the agreement, in support of which Russian President Vladimir Putin personally intervened to secure Yanukovich鈥檚 signature, the Western powers celebrated the illegal takeover as a democratic and legitimate revolution in pursuit of 鈥淓uropean values.鈥�

In sum, both Russia and the West intervened in Ukrainian politics directly and indirectly. Russia deviated form the legal, political norm surrounding the Maidan crisis only after the West鈥檚 betrayal. Moscow鈥檚 asymmetric military intervention in Crimea was an escalation but not the cause of the crisis, and there was less violence used by Putin鈥檚 鈥減olite little green men鈥� in Crimea than that meted out by the Ukrainian revolutionaries in seizing power in Kiev.

Fear and Paranoia

In both Russia and the West, and Washington in particular, the other side鈥檚 violations of treaties and agreements aggravated mutual antagonism and distrust, 鈥渃onfirming鈥� some of their worst fears. For Russia, the revolution in Kiev is seen as proof that American interference in territories along Russia鈥檚 border is intended not to spread democracy but to expand NATO, fuelling the fears of many Russians and the warnings of the country鈥檚 most paranoid and virulent hardliners.

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Fear and paranoia, in turn, are driving miscalculation. In Moscow, the perceived Western threat required seizing Crimea and lending some support to the Donbas rebels. Beyond their use as a geopolitical strategic countermoves to the West鈥檚 actions vis-脿-vis Kiev, seizing Crimea corrected a historical wrong in Russian eyes. The peninsula has been a Russian territory since the 18^th century, becoming part of Ukraine on a whim of Soviet communism鈥檚 affirmative action empire, as one scholar has called it, in 1954.

From the Russian side, the violation of treaties and law pales in significance when compared to the historical justice of Crimea鈥檚 reunification with Russia, not to mention preserving the Black Sea Fleet鈥檚 naval base in Sevastopol and countering the threat to the Russian economy and national security posed by rump Ukraine鈥檚 鈥渋ntegration into Euro-Atlantic institutions,鈥� especially NATO.

But by annexing Crimea, President Putin both escalated and miscalculated. He provoked a surge in tensions with Kiev and the West, sparked a rise of separatism in Donbass, and thus created a situation that is far more problematic for Russian interests. Ukraine鈥檚 loss of Crimea and Donbass separatist movements essentially removed from Ukraine the pro-Russian territories and populations which are opposed to western Ukraine鈥檚 ultra-nationalism and Ukrainian NATO membership. As now show, Ukraine now includes an ultra-nationalist, anti-Russian majority that backs Ukraine鈥檚 entry not just into the EU but also NATO.

In the West, Russia鈥檚 Crimea annexation seemed to many to confirm hawkish claims about the growing threat of traditional Russian autocracy and imperialism, including supposed Kremlin plans to recreate the Tsarist 鈥� or even Soviet 鈥� empire.

This misperception prompted further Western miscalculations. First, the West Kiev to carry out a military offensive against counter-revolutionaries in Donbas and elsewhere in eastern and southern Ukraine, rather than negotiate. This was followed by calls for a new Cold War, containment 2.0, a NATO build up along Russia鈥檚 border, economic sanctions so severe that they might topple the Putin regime, and a new US law institutionalizing America鈥檚 alliance with and military assistance to Kiev.

All this support comes despite Kiev鈥檚 dependence on neo-fascists in both the army and parliament, as well as on their corrupt, sponsoring oligarchs. Western policy has encouraged ultra-nationalism in Kiev and provoked it in both Donbas and Moscow.

This, in turn, is prompting further Russian paranoia. For Russian ultra-nationalists, it is that the Ukrainian crisis has shattered the two most important Slavic economies. The more paranoid are bound to see this as a goal of US policy. Many Russians now see Western designs to install a puppet regime in Moscow and dismember Russia.

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A Way Out

Yet the way out of the crisis has been obvious from the start: negotiations between Kiev and the Donbass, a federative Ukraine, special language rights for Ukraine鈥檚 minority groups, Russo-Ukrainian negotiations on a special status for Crimea, a militarily neutral Ukraine, and EU-Russian-Ukrainian talks on trilateral trade and economic relations.

Unfortunately, as the crisis escalates, elements of this settlement package become obsolete or unrealistic. Most pivotally, the re-assignment of Crimea from Russia to an autonomous status under a mutual defense guarantee by Moscow and Kiev now seems impossible. Putin has simply invested too much in Crimea鈥檚 annexation, and the rise of patriotic feeling plays into the hands of radical nationalists, like Alexander Dugin, who would like to topple Putin, especially if he dared to de-annex Crimea.

Putin may have re-thought support for Donbass separatists he at one time may have rendered. The shift is informed by the unwanted economic burden of reconstructing Donbass and the useful political wedge that a Donbass left in Ukraine can drive between western Ukraine and Kiev鈥檚 entry into NATO. Moscow is already saddled with an economic crisis (in part, a result of sanctions) and maintaining Crimea, and failing an agreement on Kiev鈥檚 neutrality the only obstacle to block Ukraine鈥檚 entry into NATO is the pro-Russian Donbass.

But only Moscow is willing to undertake the reconstruction of the Donbass and the larger Ukraine, with their battered economy and collapsing infrastructure. Given the West鈥檚 own inability or unwillingness to bail out Ukraine鈥檚 economy, the isolation of Russia from the West and the weakening of Russia鈥檚 economy is depleting Kiev鈥檚 only realistic source of substantial bailout money. Thus, Russia鈥檚 politics and economics are closing off-ramps for both Putin and Poroshenko.

Similarly, the rise in anti-Russian rhetoric in the West and anti-Western rhetoric in Moscow is making it difficult to climb down from the moral high ground each side claims for itself. As a result, negotiations on the remaining elements of a Ukrainian peace package are proceeding slowly and may not succeed in pre-empting the next unexpected turn of events.

The bitterly cold 鈥淕eneral Frost鈥� and economic collapse are staying Kiev鈥檚 hand from another offensive against the Donbass. But both sides are using the intermission to reinforce their troops, presaging a hot spring. Another MH17-like black swan event could close all the exits for good, leaving all the parties no choice but to engage the armaments and fight it out in a hell of their own making.

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The views expressed听in this article are the author鈥檚 own and do not necessarily reflect听51吃瓜鈥檚听editorial policy.

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