51吃瓜

Human intervention has been responsible for polluting and emptying water resources at a criminal rate.

I love looking at lists of our culture鈥檚 greatest achievements. I鈥檓 always astounded, for example, to read of the stupendous effort that went into building the Pyramids of Giza: At least 10,000 people worked for 30 years to erect giant tombs for their leaders.

And I don鈥檛 see how anyone could contain excitement when reading, to provide another example, that the聽 is 鈥渙ne of man鈥檚 greatest achievements鈥� because it brought 鈥渙rder to the rampaging Colorado River, maker of the Grand Canyon and lifeline of the American Southwest.鈥�

And who could possibly disagree with like 鈥淓ach time I see a building rise into the sky, the sight of the plumbing pipes鈥攖he final arteries of a marvelous life-sustaining system鈥攅vokes a special feeling of wonder and pride.鈥�

But one thing bothers me about these lists: They hold back from showing the most unbelievable and important accomplishments, the ones that really showcase this culture鈥檚 power, that get to the core of what this culture is about, the ones that make plumbing pipes seem trivial.

So I鈥檝e started making lists of my own. Here鈥檚 a list of some of this culture鈥檚 greatest accomplishments having to do with water.

10. The Aral Sea

The Aral Sea, whose name means 鈥渟ea of islands鈥� because there used to be more than 1,100 of them, was once the fourth largest lake in the world, covering more than 26,000 square miles. But some brave souls鈥攁n entire culture of them鈥攚ere able to see past the beauty and food and water supply for locals to the real value beneath. They recognized that this lake was, as they put it, a 鈥溾�� and a 鈥渦seless evaporator.鈥� They had the boldness of vision to construct dams and dig 200,000 miles of canals to divert water from rivers that used to flow into the Aral Sea instead into the desert to grow rice, melons and cotton. The plan has been a complete success, in that by 1988 Uzbekistan had become the world鈥檚 largest cotton exporter.

Everyone knows that any water that reaches the sea is wasted. This line is said often by farmers across the world. It is said often by politicians and technocrats. It was said just this year by a in a campaign speech. Water could and should be used to fuel the economy.

So the聽10^迟丑听greatest accomplishment of this culture has been to make sure that almost none of the water that would have reached the Aral Sea is 鈥渨asted.鈥� In the last 50 years, the Aral Sea has decreased to about 10% of its former size.

Much of the former bed now constitutes the Aralkum Desert, with soil made toxic from farm waste run-off. But that shouldn鈥檛 be a long-term problem because the soil blows away in the wind, carrying the pesticides as far away as Antarctica, to be taken up by penguins, among others. Problem solved.

This achievement鈥攅ssentially dewatering the world鈥檚 fourth largest lake鈥攁s imposing as it is, is not unique. We鈥檝e also been able to decrease Lake Chad in Africa by about 90% and to dewater lakes all over the world, from Tulare Lake鈥攐nce the largest lake in the United States west of the Mississippi鈥攖o Lake Poop贸 in Bolivia, to what used to be the third largest lake in Italy, Fucine Lake.

9. Dewatering Rivers

Many treaties made between the US government and American Indian nations stated that the treaties would remain in effect so long as the wind blew and the rivers flowed鈥攊n other words, in perpetuity.

The ninth greatest accomplishment is the dewatering of great rivers. No longer can rivers be presumed to flow forever. For example, the Colorado River used to run almost 1,500 miles from the mountains to the ocean. No longer is that water wasted, merely acting as 鈥渢he lifeline of the American Southwest,鈥� but instead it鈥檚 used for agriculture and industry. The Colorado River no longer reaches the sea.

Similarly, the Indus, once the 21^st largest river in the world鈥攚ith a flow of 50 cubic miles per year鈥攈as been reduced to 鈥渄ribbling to a meager end,鈥� once again not wasted but used for agriculture and industry. The Rio Grande has been reduced by about 80% of its flow, so there鈥檚 still room for improvement.

The crowning achievement is probably the Yellow River in China. It鈥檚 the sixth longest river in the world, at about 3,400 miles. A bit shorter now because its water is used instead of wasted, it has been known to not reach the ocean for up to 230 days per year.

Twenty-five percent of rivers no longer . We have only three out of every four left until no river water is wasted.

8. Dewatering Aquifers

It鈥檚 a powerful achievement to dewater lakes and rivers, but it takes even more power to dewater aquifers鈥攗nderground layers of rock or silt containing water. Aquifers can be immense. The Ogallala Aquifer in the United States, for example, underlies 174,000 square miles, and once had a volume of about 1,000 cubic miles of water. The question becomes: How do you drain something so vast and underground, at that? You can鈥檛 pull a gigantic plug. And since it鈥檚 recharged extensively by rain, you can鈥檛 simply dam inflowing rivers.

Technocrat billionaire Elon Musk and others have written that one way to search for extraterrestrial intelligence is to search for polluted planets, since industrial processes inherently pollute, and intelligence鈥攊n their perspective鈥攊nherently leads to industrial processes. Therefore, one sign of intelligence is the pollution of one鈥檚 own planet.

The solution is both simple and elegant: You pump out the water. You make sure it鈥檚 not wasted underground, but use it to grow cotton and other crops. You turn it into money. Of course you can鈥檛 stop the rain, but as long as you pump out water faster than it goes in (and they pump out about 6 cubic miles per year just from that one aquifer), and as long as you keep at it, you can eventually achieve your goal.

There鈥檚 still a lot of work to be done to drain the Ogallala aquifer but, so far, we鈥檝e been able to pump out enough that in some places wells must be 300 feet deeper than prior to the beginnings of the withdrawal.

And as with the Aral Sea, we鈥檙e accomplishing our goals around the world: 21 of the world鈥檚 37 largest aquifers are in significant decline, with 13 of these .

7.聽Toxification of Groundwater

Technocrat billionaire Elon Musk and others have written that one way to search for extraterrestrial intelligence is to search for polluted planets, since industrial processes inherently pollute, and intelligence鈥攊n their perspective鈥攊nherently leads to industrial processes. Therefore, one sign of intelligence is the pollution of one鈥檚 own planet.

In this spirit, our seventh greatest water-based achievement is the toxification of groundwater worldwide.

This accomplishment tested our abilities, in part because this water is underground, and so it鈥檚 harder in some ways to deliver poison, and also because these aquifers are so large.

But any culture that could have 10,000 people work 30 years to erect giant tombs has shown a certain relentlessness of purpose, a relentlessness that continues to this day.

We鈥檝e all seen videos of people whose well water has been so polluted by fracking that they can turn on the tap and light the water on fire. But fracking isn鈥檛 the only way to pollute groundwater鈥攁lthough the idea of injecting toxic chemicals far underground, under high enough pressure to break up stable rock formations and infuse these rocks with chemicals, is ingenious. Storing toxic chemicals directly over aquifers also works, as the chemicals sink into the soil. Applying insecticides and herbicides works much the same.

And it鈥檚 a success. Extraterrestrials searching for signs of intelligent life would surely recognize this as a sign of our intelligence.

6.聽Surface Waters

The aliens would also recognize our intelligence in our treatment of surface waters. More or less every body of water in the world鈥攆rom the depths of the biggest oceans to the tiniest rivulets鈥攊s contaminated with human-made toxins. This is about 330,000 cubic miles of now-contaminated water.

Even the contamination of only the fresh water on the planet would be an extraordinary achievement, especially when you consider that, until recently, all humans on Earth drank from rivers and lakes.

In China, some of the rivers have been so successfully polluted that they are . We have also been able to put toxins in every being鈥檚 鈥渂iological water,鈥� that is, the water held in every living being. It鈥檚 an absolutely stunning accomplishment.

聽5.聽Dams in India

The government of India is planning to make sure that no water in India is wasted by the natural world. The plan is to build 3,000 new dams and dig 9,000 miles of new canals in order to 鈥溾�� of 37 major rivers so the government can 鈥渞elocate鈥� more than聽40 cubic miles聽of water each year.

4. Overfishing

What is true of water is true of everything and everyone else on the planet: If it鈥檚 not converted into money鈥攏ot converted into fuel to power the economy鈥攊t鈥檚 wasted.

Environmentalist Farley Mowat wrote in : 鈥淚t is probably impossible for anyone now alive to comprehend the magnitude of fish life in the waters of the New World when the European Invasion began.鈥� One stated that the waters in the Grand Banks were 鈥渟o swarming with fish [that they] could be taken not only with a net but with baskets let down [and weighted] a stone.鈥� Another explorer noted that there were so many huge fish (in this case cod) 鈥渢hat at times they even stayed the passage鈥� of ships. And another explorer: 鈥淐ods are so thick by the shore that we hardly have been able to row a boat through them.鈥�

That鈥檚 a lot of fish going to waste. Even worse, we could make similar comments about so many other fish who were just as common. Shad. Haddock. Halibut. Salmon. Flounder. Eel. Lots of fish going to waste.

The skies were also full of birds who ate these fish, and the seas were full of whales and seals who ate these fish. So many fish, so many birds, so many whales, so many seals, all going to waste.

So, accomplishment number four is the capture of all of this fuel for the economy. The great schools of cod are gone, the great flocks of seabirds, the great herds of whales and seals. Gone, gone, gone. No longer being wasted. Gone!

听3.听笔濒补蝉迟颈肠

The invention of plastic is an extraordinary accomplishment in itself: The creation of something that for all practical purposes doesn鈥檛 decay. Developed through聽the late 19^th and early 20^迟丑听centuries, it entered mass production in the 1930s. Its production has been soaring since then, with the industrial economy now producing close to 300 million tons per year.

Bycatch is when you haul up your net and find dead fish (or birds or whales or seals or turtles or anyone else) of a species different than the one for which you will be paid. About 40% of all fish caught commercially are killed and thrown overboard.

Much of this plastic ends up in the ocean鈥攅nough each year that if it were all on the shore, you鈥檇 have five grocery bags full for every foot of coastline in the world. There鈥檚 enough plastic in the ocean to cause floating patches the size of large states. Enough plastics in the ocean to outnumber phytoplankton鈥攖he basis of life in the oceans, and indeed life on Earth, as they produce the oxygen for one out of every two animal breaths on this planet鈥攂y 10 to one. Enough plastic to cause one of every three seabird chicks in some rookeries in the Pacific to starve to death, bellies full of plastic.

Enough plastic to choke the life out of the oceans. And it doesn鈥檛 decay. What an incredible accomplishment.

听2.听叠测肠补迟肠丑

If somehow, in 1870, you weighed all the fish in the oceans and then you did the same today, the total weight of would be about 10% of what it was then. And, of course, by 1870 we were already well on our way to making sure that no fish went to waste, so it鈥檚 safe to say this 90% reduction followed prior reductions as this culture has made its way around the world.

Not satisfied with these reductions, we continue to kill fish to convert fish into money, and also to kill them and simply throw them back in the ocean for no reason at all. It鈥檚 called bycatch. Bycatch is when you haul up your net and find dead fish (or birds or whales or seals or turtles or anyone else) of a species different than the one for which you will be paid. About 40% of all fish caught commercially are . In , the bycatch to commercial catch ratio runs 20 to 1.

The upshot is that stolid scientists are saying that, within 35 years, the oceans could be devoid of fish. It will have taken long and intensive effort, but it will be well worth it to make sure that no fish are ever again wasted, and that fish鈥攚ho have been around for 450 million years and who have survived multiple mass extinctions鈥攗nderstand that their ability to survive is nothing compared to our ability to destroy.

1. Killing the Oceans

This brings us to our finest water accomplishment鈥攗nfortunately still a work in progress鈥攚hich is the killing of the oceans on this water planet through toxification, through filling them with plastics, through overfishing, through blasting the oceans with artificial noise at up to 260 db (front row at a rock concert is 130 db; pain and damage inevitable to humans at 140 db; humans die at 160 db; 260 db is 10,000 times more intense than a nuclear explosion at 500 yards), through acidifying the oceans, through dredging them, through causing sea level to rise (killing biomes in the shallows and on the shore), and on and on and on.

Pretend you went back 10,000 years and you asked the people you saw which would be a more difficult and arduous accomplishment between, on the one hand, erecting huge tombs (or, for that matter, putting a person on the moon) and, on the other, dewatering lakes, rivers, and aquifers and toxifying water across the world, as well as wiping out so much life in once-unimaginably fecund oceans (and rivers and lakes and wetlands) that you have effectively killed even the oceans themselves.

The people 10,000 years ago would laugh at you and say: 鈥淲hat a silly question. Of course it would be harder to kill the oceans. No one could cause so much destruction. No one could turn the whole world into the largest tomb of all. And why would they be so stupid as to want to?鈥�

*[Note: This article has been updated to state that the Indian government plans to relocate聽40 cubic miles of water instead of聽40 million cubic miles as previously mentioned.]

The views expressed in this article are the author鈥檚 own and do not necessarily reflect 51吃瓜鈥檚 editorial policy.

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