51吃瓜

The importance of the issues surrounding banning books is that of fundamental freedoms and civil liberties.

Background

There is a humorous element to Alexander Woollcott鈥檚 famous quip that all good things are either illegal, immoral or fattening. If you look at the tradition of literary censorship, this postulation becomes less amusing, as it appears that every book worth reading has either been subjected to burning, banning or been challenged at some point in history.听The Origin of Species, 1984, The Philosophical Dictionary, Lady Chatterley鈥檚 Lover, The Catcher in the Rye, Ulysses, Lolita, The Social Contact, Howl, All Quiet on the Western Front, The New Testament in Englyshe, and Gone with the Wind听are only a few examples of a seemingly endless听听of historical attempts at mind control.

鈥�he who destroys a good Book, kills reason itself.听

鈥� John Milton,听Areopagitica

Neuroscientists and linguists have long tried to deconstruct our relationship with words. Some, like the听 hypothesis, suggest that language shapes our thoughts and determines behavior 鈥� that, as the father of modern linguistics, Ferdinand de Saussure tells us, speech is a social construct.

This symbiotic relationship between thought and expression is what makes a book such a dangerous object. On the one hand, it is the sum total of the author鈥檚 ideas, nurtured 鈥� or perhaps provoked 鈥� by his or her environment. On the other, these ideas will feed back into the social fabric and weave the infinite web of unpredictable potential. Once conceived, an idea can never be听unthought, even if the word that signifies it can be silenced. Yet it is not for the lack of trying.

In ancient China, the Ch鈥檌n Emperor Shih Huang-ti had some 460 scholars buried alive for disobeying the order to burn the听Shih Ching听(Book of History) and听Shu Ching听(Book of Odes), at a time where books were thought to undermine dynastic authority and scholars were seen as 鈥渧ermin鈥� that could cast doubt upon the law of the time. Roman emperors started burning both Christians and their writings as heretical as early as during the rule of Diocletian. Pope Pius IV introduced the Index of Prohibited Books,听Index prohibitorum librorum听鈥� a 500-page list that included names like Hobbes, Descartes, Hume, Voltaire, and was abolished by the Vatican Council only in the 1960s.

Voltaire had more books burned than any other writer in the 18^th听century, with at least ten different titles torched across Europe. Leftist writings, among them Bertrand Russell鈥檚, were burned by Chiang Kai-Chek鈥檚 troops, while Mao鈥檚 Red Army exterminated what it defined as 鈥減arasitic鈥� writing during the Cultural Revolution. The Third Reich had set up Brenn-Kommandos 鈥� arson squads targeting synagogues and libraries, with UNESCO听听a loss of 15-22 million volumes in Polish libraries during World War II, some 100 million in the Soviet Union, and Germany losing at least a third of its own in turn.

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The burning of Salman Rushdie鈥檚听in Bradford in January 1989, and the ensuing听fatwa听that sent the author into years of hiding, was perhaps the most famous recent example of book burning in the Western world. Aside from a few isolated incidents, like the burning of听 novels by religious activists, or the destruction of Timbuktu libraries by Islamist rebels in 2013, the main avenue for book censorship today are challenges and bans.

According to the听, the most common causes of challenges are sexually explicit content, offensive language and unsuitability for a certain age group. The first obscenity law was introduced in the United States in 1842 to prevent import of 鈥渋ndecent pictures,鈥� and has since been used to take authors like James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, J.D. Salinger, Allen Ginsberg, Toni Morrison and numerous others 鈥� 听Merriam Webster鈥檚 English Dictionary 鈥� off the library shelves across the country.

In 2013, the anti-censorship charity 听documented听a 53% in bans from 2012, citing 49 cases in 26 states, with Dev Pilkey鈥檚听Captain Underpants听coming in听at place, ahead of a far more likely candidate: E.L. James鈥櫶�Fifty Shades of Grey, ranked fourth. Iran鈥檚 new regime has recently promised to听听its stringent censorship laws, while in Britain, a recent ban听听inmates from receiving books and magazines from family and friends outside.

Why is Burning and Banning Books Relevant?

The importance of the issues surrounding banning books today is that of fundamental freedoms and civil liberties. While in America the First Amendment protects freedom of expression as a basic right, it is nevertheless not enough to prevent ideas being challenged, books banned and Internet sites blocked on the grounds of difference in interpretation. In countries where freedom of expression is not only not a given, but is completely absent from social culture, the ability to access forbidden information becomes a dangerous necessity, made possible today by advances in technology.

Aside from countries like China and North Korea, where Internet freedoms are curtailed, the听samizdat听phenomenon of the 20^th听century is replicated online, giving banned writers a global outlet, and an invaluable resource to readers. What began with the destruction of the Library of Alexandria has now taken on a completely different shape and form. Yet in equating Internet censorship today with book burnings of the past, it becomes a testament to the straight arrow of human curiosity, independent-mindedness and creativity that continues to shape our society through the ages.

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