51吃瓜

Poverty, inflation, food scarcity, medicine shortages, crime, killings and injuries spiral out of control in Venezuela.

US President Donald Trump, who was once called 鈥�,鈥� is not exactly conventional or predictable. This week, Trump declared that he would be聽鈥渉onored鈥� to , the dashing dictator of North Korea. Of course, the president would only meet Kim under the 鈥渞ight circumstances鈥� and thinks the young leader is 鈥渁 pretty smart cookie鈥� for managing to cling on to his saddle despite others wanting to unseat him.

Trump also invited Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte to the White House. Duterte raises hackles in Europe and the US because of his crackdown on drugs,聽聽and authoritarian tendencies. Of course, there is also the tiny matter of the powerful Philippine leader聽聽that worries foreign policy wonks in Washington. Given this backstory, you have to give marks to Trump for being creative in solving the Duterte problem. Presumably, The Donald believes that the warmth of his welcome and deal-making skills might seduce the Philippines back to Uncle Sam鈥檚 warm bed.

It remains to be seen if Trump succeeds with Kim or Duterte, but he seems to be picking up Washington鈥檚 deal-making tricks. The president聽聽that averts government shutdown. Much haggling resulted in this bill and it is merely 1,665 pages long. Both Democrats and Republicans claimed victory and assert that the bill reflected their priorities. Indubitably, they have perused the 1,655 pages to come to their conclusions.

To add the cherry to the cake, Trump and Paul Ryan, the speaker of the House of Representatives, achieved a long overdue win. The House passed a bill abolishing Obamacare and launching Trumpcare. The March 26 edition of聽The World This Week聽chronicled how the failure to repeal Obamacare was bad for Trump, worse for Ryan and disastrous for the Grand Old Party (GOP). Now, Trump, Ryan and the GOP can heave a sigh of relief.

Like Dracula,聽聽has come back from the dead. The bill is now in the Senate鈥檚 court. Although senators will most likely kill the bill, the prospects of Trumpcare is increasing uncertainty in the American health care system. Already, insurance companies, medical providers and common citizens are grappling 鈥溾�� of rules and 7,432 pages of proposed rules. There might just be new set of rules to play by.

Trump is certainly shaking up fusty Washington. Some have hailed the president鈥檚 first 100 days in office as聽. Others are horrified by what The Donald has been up to. Glenn Carle, a foreign policy wonk who once served in the Central Intelligence Agency, is one of them. He frets that the arbitrary and authoritarian Trump is turning the US into a bigger version of Venezuela.

Carle might not be entirely right, but Venezuela certainly offers rich lessons about the limitations of populism. This week, mass protests brought the country to a standstill.

HAUNTED BY HUGO CH脕VEZ

The Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela聽(PSUV), or the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, rules the roost in the country. It is led by Nicol谩s Maduro, successor to the 鈥渧isible, vocal and controversial鈥� late聽聽who founded the PSUV. Ch谩vez remains the eternal president and his followers are popularly called聽Chavistas. The dead Venezuelan leader was populist and socialist. He admired and was an ally of the late聽Fidel Castro.

Just as Castro attacked Moncada army barracks in 1953, the paratrooper Ch谩vez attempted a coup in 1992. The government of the day had presided over neoliberal policies since 1989 and was rather unpopular. It implemented severe spending cuts proposed by the International Monetary Fund. These cuts caused much hardship and led to mass protests, known as the聽Caracazo. In response, the Venezuelan government cracked down on protesters with a heavy hand. This gave Ch谩vez his chance to attempt a coup.

Ch谩vez鈥檚 coup attempt failed quite spectacularly. Yet it served him well. Poor and disenchanted middle-class Venezuelans fell in love with聽mestizo聽Ch谩vez for standing up to the posh white elites of Caracas. As the September 4, 2016, edition of聽The World This Week聽pointed out, 鈥渢he descendants of the conquistadores鈥� in Latin America 鈥渟it at the top of the food chain with the most wealth and land.鈥� The 鈥渁ristocracy of rank, office and wealth鈥� that Simon Bolivar condemned still persists and Latin America continues to be the world鈥檚 most unequal region. Therefore, socialism has an enduring appeal and Ch谩vez emerged as the darling of the left once he got out of prison.

In 1999, Ch谩vez became president when Venezuelans turned against their traditional political elite. He had been railing against neoliberal economics of Washington and traveling through Latin America to boost his public image.聽聽in the 1990s led to social unrest and allowed Ch谩vez to grab the presidency just as the old order was falling apart. The disenfranchised poor and the disenchanted middle class voted for him in droves.

Ch谩vez proved to be a canny president. He began as a center-left moderate and retained some figures from the previous government. Soon, he began to remove checks and balances. Plan Bolivar 2000, a social welfare program, and聽Al贸 Presidente, a Sunday morning radio show, strengthened Ch谩vez鈥檚 hold on the public. A few months prior, he had won a referendum and summoned a new constituent assembly. Today, the 1999 constitution still governs Venezuela.

Ch谩vez won 13 electoral victories before voters rejected his new constitution in 2007. Still, he was able to win a 2009 referendum that abolished term limits. Ch谩vez died in 2013 but his legacy still lives on. Even when he was alive, coup plots, mass protests and big strikes were par for the course. Yet Ch谩vez was able to triumph over threats because of聽. He was the classic聽caudillo, a Latin American strongman ruling through charm and menace. Dead,聽Chavismo聽or 鈥渟ocialism for the 21^st聽century鈥� is losing its appeal but retains a significant following.

Kirk Hawkins offers valuable insights on聽. It was a movement built around the personality of Ch谩vez that aimed to fundamentally transform society. 罢丑别听mestizo聽sought to establish a personal relationship with his voters, unmediated by any institutionalized party. As per Hawkins,聽Chavismo聽based itself on a Manichean discourse of 鈥渢he people鈥� versus 鈥渢he elite鈥� and an 鈥渁nything goes鈥� attitude amongst its adherents.

In many ways,聽Chavismo聽is quite similar to the narrative peddled by populists like Trump and Marine Le Pen. It shares its suspicion of institutions with parties led by lower-caste leaders in India who distrust colonial laws, upper-caste bureaucrats and market forces after suffering centuries of discrimination.聽The big difference is that Ch谩vez was able to latch on to power and implement his ideas through multiple social programs. He did so through pouring proceeds of oil revenues into 鈥溾�� aimed at expanding access to food, housing, health care and education. Poverty dropped, literacy increased and quality of life improved for poor Venezuelans. Income inequality dropped as well.

Yet not all was well even in the heydays of Ch谩vez. Good old patronage, inefficiency, mismanagement, cronyism and corruption continued to plague Venezuela. Tearing down institutions led to soaring crime, skyrocketing violence, falling productivity and increasing inflation. Ch谩vez founded the PSUV in 2006 to unite the left, give it grassroots heft and prepare the next generation of leaders. Yet the party fostered no tradition of debate, discussion and critical thinking. The PSUV remains a maudlin personality cult. The ruling party has failed to realize that聽Chavismo聽suffered from a fundamental problem. As Valentina Perez points out in聽, it was simply not sustainable.

According to the聽聽(OPEC), Venezuela has the world鈥檚 largest 鈥減roven crude oil reserves.鈥� Ch谩vez hit the jackpot when he came to office. Oil prices went up from $10 per barrel in 1999 to $126 in 2008. Unlike Norwegian leaders, Ch谩vez did not prove to be a good shepherd of his fortune. He profligately squandered money merrily, subsidizing聽聽and for聽聽shivering in the cold. Ch谩vez forgot that poor countries have to invest wisely. Sending money to rich countries to score empty brownie points is a luxury they can ill afford.

Naturally, the party had to end. By the end of his life, Ch谩vez presided over a country in chaos, with poverty, inflation, shortages, crime and killings spiraling out of control as his聽Chavista聽state lost control.

DEMONSTRATIONS, DIVISIONS AND DISTRESS

Maduro, Ch谩vez鈥檚 insipid and uninspiring successor, is dealing with chickens of聽Chavismo聽that have come home to roost.聽聽the 2013 election by about 200,000 votes, a majority of less than 1.5%. Henrique Capriles, the defeated opposition candidate, alleged fraud. In any case, the聽Chavista聽regime had allowed the opposition virtually no airtime on television. Unsurprisingly,聽聽broke out on the streets.

Since then, protests have never really stopped. The most recent demonstrations were triggered when the not quite independent Supreme Court decided to take over the powers of the opposition-controlled National Assembly on March 29. Outrage erupted at this judicial coup and Maduro appealed to the court to review its ruling 鈥�.鈥� The court promptly backtracked but public fury did not subside. Venezuelan authorities have most conveniently聽聽from running for office for 15 years.

With Venezuela in economic free fall, social upheaval and political chaos, the opposition has smelt blood. Incessant protests for more than a month have brought the country to a standstill.聽聽too. Supporters of the regime have taken to the streets as well. After all,聽Chavistas聽still exist in large numbers. The opposition accuses the government of eroding democratic institutions and mismanaging the economy. The government derides the opposition as elitist, exploitative and in the pay of Uncle Sam.

The opposition demands the removal of judges who attempted a coup, release of political prisoners and immediate elections. On May Day, Maduro made a countermove by proposing a new 鈥減eople鈥檚 body鈥� to聽. Julio Borges, the leader of the National Assembly, has denounced Maduro鈥檚 proposition as 鈥渁 scam to deceive the Venezuelan people with a mechanism that is nothing more than a tightening of the coup in Venezuela.鈥�

罢丑别听Chavista聽regime has dismantled democratic institutions. Issues are no longer debated in the legislature. Politicians representing different interest groups no longer negotiate with each other. In a racially, socially and economically divided society, polarization has turned extreme. Protests and counter-protests invariably lead to clashes. Violence is the order of the day with many dying and many more suffering injuries. Passions are waxing as trust is waning in a society that is splitting at the seams.

Meanwhile, life in Venezuela is turning nasty, brutish and often short. In 2016,聽. In 2015, inflation was a comparatively moderate 180.9% and GDP shrank only 5.7%. The government has imposed currency controls and increased minimum wages. They have not worked. Factories sit idle, grocers have no food to sell and hospitals have no medicines.聽聽reports that 74% of Venezuelans have lost 8.7 kilograms in weight over the last year. The country is on the brink of total collapse.

Yet most bizarrely, Maduro is still making bond payments to creditors. In the words of聽, Maduro 鈥渋s so desperate to avoid defaulting on the country鈥檚 foreign debt that he is starving his own people, much the way Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceau艧escu did in the 1980s.鈥� Furthermore, Venezuela鈥檚 鈥渄espotic socialist government鈥� is mortgaging 鈥渋ts industrial crown jewels.鈥� It absurdly聽. Has Maduro gone mad?

, another Harvard man and a former Venezuelan minister, provides an interesting answer. He takes the view that 鈥渢he chaos into which Venezuela has fallen may seem to be beyond belief鈥� but it is, in fact, 鈥渁 product of belief.鈥� In the late 17th聽century, witch hunting was a sensible conceptual paradigm or belief system in the land of Harvard and MIT. Maduro believes in聽Chavismo, a glorious mish mash of聽, Marxism and聽. If devious business behavior is responsible for inflation and recession, then the answer is 鈥渕ore regulation, more expropriations, and more managers in jail.鈥�

At the same time, Maduro鈥檚 regime has to save face and present to the world an illusion of strength. Hence, it shells out cash to Trump and to creditors, with Venezuelans literally paying the price in pounds of their flesh.

Maduro鈥檚 end may be nigh, but deeply-divided Venezuela is destined for distress in the days ahead.

*[You can receive 鈥淭he World This Week鈥� directly in your inbox by subscribing to our mailing list. Simply visit聽51吃瓜聽and enter your email address in the space provided. Meanwhile, please find below five of our finest articles for the week.]

Great-Power Politics: Is China Outpacing the US?

Beijing, China 漏 Nikada

With a bloated bureaucracy and ossified organizations, China still聽falls short of the US in terms of human capital, investment and innovation.

Today, many scholars and political scientists contend that America鈥檚 economic and military leadership is being worn away. The current assertion is that the apparent decline of the United States is mainly due to globalization: Over the past few decades, the integration of economies and the consequential diffusion of technology have led many developing countries to experience rates of economic growth that has consequences for the distribution of relative power among nations.

Those who advocate this position argue that the US is no longer efficient at sustaining its hegemonic roles. In addition, the proponents of this worldview claim that the global distribution of power is on the cusp of a massive adjustment. For them, the power is going to shift toward China in the next 50 years. According to this position, the People鈥檚 Republic of China is鈥� Read more

Trump-Abbas Meeting: Hold Off on the Ululating and Mazel Tovs

Donald Trump 漏 The White House

If President Trump pulls this off, he will have elevated himself from mortal deal maker to American statesman. Former US Ambassador Gary Grappo explains.

Only one person benefited from the White House meeting on May 3 between US President Donald Trump and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas. Merely by having been invited and coming, Abbas may have shored up flagging confidence at home and dwindling support from other Arab states. But other than pleasant words, there was nothing to suggest that the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations are anywhere close to back on track.

For Trump鈥檚 part, he exhibited his characteristic naivet茅,聽claiming聽that solving the near-70-year dispute 鈥渕ay not be as difficult as people have thought over the years.鈥� It is hard to imagine what it may have been in the detailed briefings the president should have received in advance of the meeting 鈥� or in his conversation with Abbas or in his聽meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu聽in鈥� Read more

Tackling Structural Violence in Afghanistan

漏 MivPiv

In聽Afghanistan, opportunity is not equally distributed among all citizens.

Afghanistan鈥檚 history is marked with the persistent struggle faced by the ethnic communities due to the country鈥檚 geostrategic significance and multi-ethnic divisions. Every historic change 鈥� from the expansion of Islam into Persia, the Soviet invasion or the Afghan Civil War, followed by the era of Taliban rule 鈥� has involved the use of this split, leading to acute sectarian segregation and further subjugation of the less powerful ethnicities.

Johan Galtung聽defines structural violence as the difference between the potential and the actual realization that is built into the structure and emerges as unequal power and, consequently, as unequal life chances. It can be referred to as systematic exclusion of a particular sector of a nation from the state apparatus and developmental projects. As a major ethnic group, the聽Pashtuns have come to dominate聽the power structures for decades. This political, economic and military dominance of one ethnic group has鈥� Read more

What Next for Brexit Britain?

London, United Kingdom 漏 Oversnap

Britain believes it can make a success of itself on its own terms. This is sheer folly.

After waking up on a Saturday morning there is always the experience of getting up early, sinking a strong coffee with breakfast, and open-endedly reading the pages of news stories while thinking through how to best utilize the weekend. The themes of聽Brexit,聽Europe, the upcoming UK General Election and the recent local elections fill many of the pages of online commentary today.

In my mind, and given what I have seen, heard and experienced having returned to Britain after six years away, is how far matters have retreated backward. There is so much sheer聽hate聽and indignation toward Muslims and others thought to be different from a sense of dominant white English society. The United Kingdom has changed for the worse, although it was already heading in the wrong direction by 2010, the year I left Britain, two years after鈥� Read more

Iran鈥檚 Quest for a New Islamic Civilization

Azadi Tower, Tehran 漏 Leonid Andronov

Iran is reshaping its role as a regional leader in the Middle East.

In February, the Islamic Republic celebrated the 38th year of the revolution. Soon after the Iranian Revolution succeeded in 1979, the new regime had two missions: providing support for oppressed populations 鈥� especially Shia minorities 鈥� in the Middle East and the world and purifying the system from unwanted elements loyal to the shah, the West and the Soviet Union.

To mobilize the masses, Ayatollah Rouhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic Republic, presented his message through a bricolage 鈥� with the goal of mobilizing accepted structures for new purposes under the Islamic regime. As聽Ray Takeyh points out, a majority of post-revolution Iranians accepted the idea that 鈥渞eligion and traditional values should play a greater role鈥� in political and social order. By crafting a message that rang true to popular claims, Khomeini was able to present an appealing idealism around the dream of a Shia Iran taking鈥� Read more

The views expressed in this article are the author鈥檚 own and do not necessarily reflect 51吃瓜鈥檚 editorial policy.

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