51吃瓜

There’s a battle coming for the soul of Europe and the far-right is rallying like it’s 1099.

In the first Crusade, on their way to fight the infidels in , the armed pilgrims asked themselves a provocative question: Why should we trek so far to kill people we barely know when we can just as well massacre infidels closer to home?

And thus the crusaders of the 11^th聽century embarked on some of Europe鈥檚 first pogroms against . These rampages in the heart of the continent had the added advantage of helping to finance that first Crusade, as the pilgrims expropriated the wealth of the Jews they killed.

is once again witnessing the collateral damage of conflicts in the . Extremists who are involved in a modern-day crusade in the Middle East 鈥� or have been thwarted from making the journey to Iraq or Syria 鈥� have asked themselves a question very similar to that of their 11^th century counterparts: Why not kill the infidel at hand rather than the infidel afar?

The question 鈥� and the answer as it played out in the offices of聽and a kosher supermarket in 鈥� is as ugly today as it was more than 900 years ago.

In both cases, the crusaders believed that their actions were of world-historical importance. In the 11^th聽century, it was Pope Urban II who issued the call to arms that turned sedentary Christians into global marauders. Today, it is the and who are calling for their followers to slay the ungodly.

But as with those initial pogroms 鈥� not to mention the 2011 massacre by in , or the serial murders of ethnic Turks in by neo- between 2000 and 2007 鈥� the recent atrocities in are nothing but criminal acts.

This is not, in other words, a showdown between the forces of Enlightenment and the forces of barbarism. I have nothing but sorrow for the victims and nothing but rage at the perpetrators. However, we must resist the temptation to confer the status of combatant on the murderers or the status of defenders of civilization on聽Charlie Hebdo.

The Real Battle

If these murders do not constitute a war, they nonetheless point to a deep conflict inside Europe. This conflict is not over whose religion is the one true religion. It is about the very identity of Europe.

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In the 11^th聽century, what animated the crusaders wasn鈥檛 just the status of Jerusalem, but the fear that was lapping at the shores of Europe itself (and indeed, Islam already had a firm foothold on the Iberian Peninsula). Today, a similar fear animates the and immigrant-bashers of the continent.

They fear that their old-fashioned vision of an overwhelmingly white, Christian Europe 鈥� with reassuring borders that define who is French and who is German and who doesn鈥檛 belong in the cozy culture of 鈥淲estern civilization鈥� 鈥� is fast disappearing. They disapprove as much of the border-erasing trajectory of European integration as of the demographic transformations of European immigration. They desperately stick their fingers in the civilizational dike to preserve the Christian heritage of the continent.

But the Europe of their imaginations, to the limited extent that it ever existed in reality, has already passed into history.

to Europe is nothing new, of course. Particularly after , colonial connections diversified the continent as came to , to France and to . During the labor shortages of the 1960s and 1970s, guest workers from the , and poured into countries like Germany and , which had little or no colonial connections, to supply surplus labor. Many guest workers returned home, but some stayed to raise families and create multiculturalism聽avant la lettre.

Those changes prompted the first wave of anti-immigrant sentiment. In 1968, gave his infamous 鈥渞ivers of blood鈥� speech to his fellow British Conservatives, in which he predicted future violence because of the influx of Commonwealth immigrants. The National Front began mobilizing anti-immigrant sentiment in France as early as 1970. The similarly xenophobic Republican Party in Germany started up in 1983.

Although Powell鈥檚 鈥渞ivers of blood鈥� did not come to pass, the anti-immigrant strain in European politics has only grown more virulent. And Europe has continued to change. The wars of the post- era 鈥� in , , across North Africa and in the Middle East 鈥� brought in refugees and migrants, and the attractions of a unified Europe drew people from all over the world.

Nigel Farage 漏 Shutterstock

The demographic shifts in Europe over the last decade have been dramatic. Between 2005-13, according to UN population surveys, the immigrant population in Switzerland聽jumped from聽22.9% to 28.9%; in from 10.7% to 13.8%; in from 4.2% to 9.8%; in from 12.3% to 15.9%; in from 7.2% to 9.9%; in from 2.9% to 5.4%; and in Britain from 8.9% to 12.4%.

Such rapid increases in a short period of time have created anxiety in populations that do not consider their countries to be 鈥渋mmigrant societies鈥� like the or .

An Islamophobia of Convenience

In the German heartland, the organization (PEGIDA) has proven to be both enormously popular and an embarrassment to top German politicians. PEGIDA organizers recently went ahead with a rally in Dresden in the wake of the French killings and attracted 25,000 people, despite calls by German Premier and other leading political figures for people to stay home. Although a counter-demonstration in Dresden attracted 35,000 people, PEGIDA is on a roll, with more rallies planned in other German cities and even in other countries.

The leaders of PEGIDA聽 up聽in East Germany, and their Monday marches recall the Monday 聽that took place in Leipzig in 1989. Some of PEGIDA鈥檚 rhetoric mirrors the chants of the East Germany democracy movement 鈥� such as 鈥淲e are the People鈥� 鈥� but with a more sinister slant.

Not surprisingly, given its anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim message, the group has attracted a hard core of extremists associated with clubs and motorcycle gangs. But make no mistake: Anti-immigrant and Islamophobic sentiment is very popular even among the so-called respectable elements in Germany.

Thilo Sarrazin was a prominent member of the Social Democratic Party when he published Germany Abolishing Itself, which described immigration as the weapon by which the country was committing suicide. The screed became a bestseller, and it was not because racist skinheads suddenly became avid book-buyers. In a聽German poll in , half of the respondents declared their sympathy with PEGIDA and its anti-Muslim agenda.

In , meanwhile, anti-immigrant fervor has catapulted the (UKIP) into third place in the polls. In the wake of the tragedies in France, UKIP leader 聽spoke聽of a 鈥溾�� inside European countries 鈥渉olding our passports, who hate us,鈥� a sentiment that led to聽an uptick in his . (Of course, Farage is an equal-opportunity bigot. In the spring, after new labor regulations went into force that allowed the right to work anywhere in the European Union, he聽: 鈥淎ny normal and fair-minded person would have a perfect right to be concerned if a group of Romanian people suddenly moved in next door.鈥�)

Anjem Choudary 漏 Shutterstock

But the organization best positioned to leverage the Islamophobia welling up in Europe is France鈥檚 National Front. Before the recent killings, was already leading early polling for the 2017 presidential contest, and her party was on top of the polls for local elections in March. Le Pen has called for a reinstatement of both border controls and the death penalty, which would put France at odds with the rest of Europe. She is the face of the new extremism: sufficiently liberal in some respects (divorced, pro-choice) to reach out to the mainstream but just as aggressively intolerant as her predecessors to appeal to the base.

The Islamophobia of these far-right movements is largely incidental. They traffic in anti-Islamic sentiment because it is both popular and more palatable than, say, racism or run-of-the-mill xenophobia.聽Charlie Hebdo, after all, wasn鈥檛 running cartoons that made fun of black people or Roma. But it鈥檚 open season, intolerance-wise, on Muslims. This Islamophobia, however, is the tip of the spear. The real thrust of the far right is to keep out immigrants of all stripes.

Preventing the Rivers of Blood

The first Crusade 鈥渓iberated鈥� Jerusalem in 1099 in a great outpouring of blood as the crusaders slaughtered Muslims and Jews alike in the great city.

It was but the first of a half-dozen crusades that raged across Europe and across the next couple centuries. The victims of later Crusades included pagans, Orthodox Christians, Albigensian heretics, and even, during the fourth Crusade, the Catholic population of Zara in present-day Croatia. The cycle of violence initiated by Pope Urban II鈥檚 call to religious arms claimed victims of all faiths and backgrounds, and produced a good deal of European-on-European violence as well.

Extremists on all sides would love to see the return of the Crusades. The Islamic State and al-Qaeda would like to see rivers of blood in the streets of Europe. And the far right understands that an all-out war with a committed enemy is one path to political power. Once in charge, they will recreate their own 9/11 moment in order to reverse European integration, build up a huge fence around Europe and begin deportations.

Forget the false frame of the West versus Islam. It鈥檚 not historically or conceptually accurate, and the two are聽 on the same side聽against the crimes of al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. The real battle is over the soul of Europe. And the far right is rallying like it鈥檚 1099.

*[This article was originally published by .]

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