51吃瓜

Richard Hanania is a gifted writer and thinker with a powerful ego, clearly bordering on narcissism. He has built a reputation out of expressing intelligently argued provocative, tendentious and divisive views on social and political issues. 

Good contemporary journalism should thrive on the three R鈥檚: research, rhetoric and reasoning. Hanania has real talent for the first two. He鈥檚 far less solid on the third. Zak Cheney-Rice in New York Magazine鈥檚 Intelligencer him as 鈥渁n intellectual muse of the Silicon Valley right鈥� with a strong though carefully disguised tinge of racism. His subtlety is such that his racist tendency can even be directed towards white men, or at least one white Englishman from a remote past.

In a called 鈥淪hakespeare is Fake,鈥� Hanania approves of Sam Bankman Fried鈥檚 dismissive assessment of Shakespeare鈥檚 importance as a writer. As recounted in Michael Lewis鈥檚 new biography of SBF, the discredited crypto king developed this to convince us Shakespeare is hardly worth paying attention to as a writer:

鈥淎bout half of the people born since 1600 have been born in the past 100 years, but it gets much worse than that.聽 When Shakespeare wrote, almost all Europeans were busy farming, and very few people attended university; few people were even literate鈥損robably as low as about ten million people.聽 By contrast there are now upwards of a billion literate people in the Western sphere.聽 What are the odds that the greatest writer would have been born in 1564? The Bayesian priors aren鈥檛 very favorable.鈥�

This kind of reasoning, based on the pseudo-logic of calculated probability, may throw significant light on how SBF also managed to lose track of eight billion dollars of customer assets. But Hanania not only agrees with SBF鈥檚 disdain for Shakespeare, he makes the claim 鈥� as any narcissist might 鈥� that 鈥淚 could copy Shakespeare鈥檚 style and produce something just as appealing.鈥� 

Really? The value of Shakespeare is that his writing is 鈥渁ppealing?鈥� This isn鈥檛 the logic of mathematics, Bayesian probability or Silicon Valley algorithmic thinking. This is the logic of two narcissists whose minds have been captured and transformed by the culture of the consumer society and the entertainment industry.

ChatGPT weighs in

I wondered what ChatGPT鈥檚 might have to say and asked this question: Why might one consider Sam Bankman Fried鈥檚 reasoning about Shakespeare faulty? Our AI friend offered five objections to SBF鈥檚 logic. Here they are in full

1. Misunderstanding Bayesian Statistics: Bankman Fried invokes Bayesian priors to make his argument. However, Bayesian reasoning typically requires not just considering the prior probabilities (the odds of Shakespeare being the greatest writer given the historical context), but also incorporating new evidence or data. Simply relying on historical demographics to conclude that Shakespeare is not the greatest writer oversimplifies the Bayesian approach.
2. Oversimplification of Historical Context: Bankman Fried oversimplifies the historical context in which Shakespeare lived. While it’s true that fewer people were literate and attending university during Shakespeare’s time, it doesn’t automatically negate his contributions to literature. Shakespeare’s work remains significant because it transcended the limitations of his era and continues to be appreciated by a wide audience.
3. Neglecting the Timeless Nature of Art: Art, including literature, is not purely a product of the time in which it was created. Great works of literature often have a timeless quality, and their value can be appreciated by people from different eras and backgrounds. Shakespeare’s writings have continued to resonate with people over centuries, which is a testament to their enduring quality.
4. Subjective Nature of “Greatness”: Determining who the greatest writer is can be highly subjective. Different people have different criteria for assessing greatness in literature. Shakespeare’s impact on the English language, his exploration of complex human emotions, and the universal themes in his works are factors that contribute to his recognition as a great writer.
5. Ignoring the Influence of Shakespeare’s Work: Shakespeare’s influence on the development of English literature and drama is immense. Many subsequent writers and artists have been inspired by his works, and they continue to be studied and adapted. This influence is an important factor when assessing his place in the literary canon.

Hanania could have saved time and better structured his argument in defense of SBF simply by asking ChatGPT the same question. Instead he focuses on ChatGPT鈥檚 fourth point: the subjective nature of greatness. Citing SBF, he asserts, 鈥渢hat鈥檚 what we should be responding to, and his argument here is irrefutable.鈥� He then adds his own grain of salt in the form of 鈥渁dditional factors SBF doesn鈥檛 mention that argue against Shakespeare鈥檚 intrinsic greatness.鈥�

鈥淧eople have a lot more leisure time now, so many more individuals have the option of trying to write something and seeing if they鈥檙e good at it. Moderns can flush the toilet instead of having to go empty their chamber pots. There鈥檚 also the Flynn Effect; we鈥檙e simply much smarter than people from the sixteenth century. Finally, Shakespeare had a lot less previous culture to draw upon..

Hanania even fantasizes about what Shakespeare would be doing today: 鈥渕aybe he鈥檇 write Hollywood scripts instead of plays and sonnets.鈥� Other than that, this all purely and exclusively quantitative reasoning. It finds its place in the consumer society鈥檚 value system, which elevates the criterion of being 鈥渁ppealing鈥� to the summit of virtues. Has Hanania actually read Hamlet, King Lear, Twelfth Night, Othello, Measure for Measure or The Tempest? Does he seriously think that each of those plays was the product of a style that he claims he could copy?

To prove his point about Shakespeare鈥檚 superficiality he offers what he calls, narcissistically, 鈥渢he Hanania v. Shakespeare experiment,鈥� which he seriously proposes as an object of academic research. He explains how he would conduct the experiment. 

鈥淗ave a halfway competent writer study his style. Give that person a little time, and let them write a 鈥楽hakespeare like鈥� sonnet. Find some smart readers who aren鈥檛 familiar with all of Shakespeare鈥檚 work and give them either fake Shakespeare or real Shakespeare to read. I鈥檓 sure that our imposter could produce something that ends up rated just as good, and that people鈥檚 judgments would depend more on whether they were told something was by Shakespeare than if it actually was.鈥�

Literature and music

Clearly, for Hanania, the 鈥減lays are not the thing.鈥� Shakespeare, to his mind, is not a dramatist but a sonneteer. If we were to transpose this comparative exercise to the world of music, we might ask someone to listen to a marvelous Bach melody鈥�, such as 鈥淛esu, Joy Of Man’s Desiring by Bach鈥� and then compare it with George Gershwin鈥檚 鈥溾�� to determine which composer was the greatest. Both 鈥渢unes鈥� are wonderful and both composers are among my personal favorites in their genres, but Gershwin, however appealing his music, simply cannot be compared to Bach. The scale of their ambition is different. Gershwin wrote a lot of appealing songs but also composed some major orchestral works and one extraordinary opera, Porgy and Bess. Unlike Bach, he lived in a culture in which 鈥渁ppealing鈥� was rapidly becoming the supreme virtue in the arts. But the culture of Gershwin鈥檚 time, in the first half of the 20th century, still retained a belief in values other than just being appealing. 

The cultural traditions of Shakespeare and Bach, a century apart, were both closely linked to rapidly evolving intellectual, scientific and spiritual traditions. Despite the growing influence of commercial culture that hadn鈥檛 quite yet established its hegemony, the same is true of Gershwin. With today鈥檚 consumer culture that has given us Kanye West, Katy Perry, Justin Bieber and Taylor Swift, we live in a different world. 

Musicians as diverse as Bach, Mozart, Debussy, Stravinsky, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis and John Coltrane shared one thing in common. All were conscious of their complex relationship with multiple traditions while simultaneously being aware of what people might consider 鈥渁ppealing.鈥� Today we live in the 鈥渆conomy of attention鈥� as dominated by 鈥渢he logic of the mass media in contemporary social life, focusing on celebrity as the key manifestation of the accumulation of attention capital.鈥�

Shakespeare was a minor celebrity in his time. As a theatrical producer, he understood the nature of 鈥渁ppeal.鈥� But he also belonged to a culture that found other things besides celebrity and its financial reward appealing. Today, those other forms of appeal 鈥� intellectual, scientific and spiritual 鈥� cannot compete with the commercial and financial interest that defines and fundamentally corrupts nearly all decision-making in today鈥檚 economy.

Who鈥檚 right: AI or Richard Hanania?

ChatGPT鈥檚 response to SBF was far better than Hanania鈥檚 but remains fatally superficial itself. In making its point about 鈥渢he oversimplification of historical context,鈥� it also fails to recognize the concrete cultural reality of history. It takes as its unique criterion the 鈥渁ppeal鈥� of Shakespeare over time. Shakespeare is great not because he remained popular over time, but because it was possible to produce challenging works at a time when a lot of great thinkers and artists were engaged in a vast multicultural, multilinguistic dialogue and literally 鈥渂elieved鈥� in what they were producing, rather than just calculating what might be appealing enough to sell.

The lesson of the day concerning AI is this: Don鈥檛 expect it to delve any deeper into historical issues than the contemporary techno culture it belongs to.

And finally, let鈥檚 attempt to answer the question in the title of this article. Yes, paradoxically, Shakespeare has successfully competed. His work is produced far more often than any other author today. ChatGPT makes this clear: 鈥淭here are many talented contemporary playwrights whose works are still produced today, but none have surpassed the popularity of Shakespeare鈥檚 plays.鈥�

If SBF and Hanania really believe in statistics and Bayesian probability, why haven鈥檛 they considered that obvious statistic and the probability associated with it? Sadly, narcissists often miss the obvious. 

*[Artificial Intelligence is rapidly becoming a feature of everyone鈥檚 daily life. We unconsciously perceive it either as a friend or foe, a helper or destroyer. At 51吃瓜, we see it as a tool of creativity, capable of revealing the complex relationship between humans and machines.]

The views expressed in this article are the author鈥檚 own and do not necessarily reflect 51吃瓜鈥檚 editorial policy.